14 Ağustos 2009 Cuma

Countable and uncountable nouns - sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimler

ingilizce'dc sayilabilen ve sayilamayan isimlerin soyut veya somut kullanimları vardir. Simdi isimlerin cesitlerini inceleyelim:

-Proper nouns (Ozel isimler):

Ozel isim bir kisi.bir yer,bir sey.bir düsünce veya tek oldugu düşünülen seyler icin kullanılir. Ozel isimlerin onunde article kullanilmaz.

insan isimleri: Hasan, Burak

cografi isimler: Africa. Asia.

yer isimleri: Regent Street, Madison Avenue

ay, gun, festival isimleri: April. Monday, Master

- Common nouns (Cins isimler):

Ozel bir şahıs, yer, nesne ya da düşüncenin ismi olmayan her isim cins isimdir. Cins isimlerin Onünde (kullamlir. Omegin:

a book, the guitar, court

Countable nouns (Sayilabilen isimler):

Bir isim sayilabilir ise;

-onunde a/an kullamlabilir: a book, an egg etc...

-bir cogulu vardir ve 'How many...?' sorusu ile kullamlir:

How many pens have you bought?

H Uncountable nouns (sayilamayan isimler):

Bir isim sayilamaz ise;

-onunde a/an kullanilmaz: Milk is expensive.' -^oguiuolmazve 'How much...?' sorusu ile kullamlir:

How much money do you have?

Sayilamayan ve sayilabilen isimleri soyut (concrete) ve somut (abstract) isimler basligi altin-da ayrintili olarak inceleyelim:


NOONS

H Concrete and abstract nouns(somut / soyut isimler):

Sayilabilen isimlerin cogu somut (concrete)'tur.

-Kisi, hayvan, bitki: a girl, a dog, a geranium -Nesneler: a bottle, a table -Gruplar: a herd, an army, a crowd -6lctt ifadelerinde: a kilo, a litre, a metre, -Nicelik ifadelerinde: a bit, a slice

Somut (concrete) sayilamayan isimler:


bread

flour

cream

oil

water

cotton

blood clot

glass

sand

wine

milk

coffee

gold

paper

wood

air

gin

ice

soap

meal

barley

dust

jam

tea

beer

rice







> Soyut (abstract) sayilamayan isimler:

advice

knowledge

scenery

news

laughter

beauty

suspicion

honesty

luck

employment

fear

equality

experience

vocabulary

courage

information

death

horror

education

patience

relief

hope

pity

violence

importance

anger

mercy

help

happiness

music etc...

Bir de birbirine benzeyen nesnelerden olusan grup isimleri vardir. isim butün grubu ifade edi­yorsa uncountable, grubu olusturan parcalari tek tek ifade ediyorsa countable'dir. Ornegin;

luggage, baggage, clothing, food, fruit, furniture, jewellery, junk, equipment, scenery, traffic, money, machinery, ammunition etc..

-> furniture (mobilyd) > uncountable

furniture(sandalye, masa, cekyat etc...)>countable

•♦ fruit (meyve) Uncountable

fruit ( elma, portakal, seftali etc... ) > countable

"> jewellery (miicevherat) > uncountable

jewellery (gerdanlik,yuzuk,kupe etc..) >countable


NOINS

■ Hem sayilabilen (countable) hem de sayilamayan (uncountable)isimler:

Bazi isimler kullanimlarına baglı olarak hem sayilabilen hem de sayilamayan yapida kullam-hr. Gorelim:

Tek bir nesne (single item) veya parcaciklar (substances) oiarak dusundugumuz isimler:

Bu gruptaki isimler hem countable hem de uncountable oiarak kullamiabiiir. Ancak aniamlari farklidir.

countable : He ate a whole chicken, (tavuk) uncountable: Would you like some chicken? (tavuk eti)


Obje veya materyalleri ifade eden isimler:

countable (thing) : 1 broke a glass this morning (bardak) uncountable(material) : Glass is made from sand, (cam)

countable (specific) : He has a painting by Hockney. (tablo) uncountable (general): Painting is my hobby, (ressamlik)

Bazi uncountable isimler ve countable karsiliklan:

bread

clothing

laughter

luggage

poetry

money

work

a loaf

a garment

a laugh

a case, a bag

a poem

a coin, a note

ajob

• Hayvan isimleri sayilabilir fakat onlann etleri sayilamaz:


a cow/beef a deer/venison


a sheep / mutton a pig /pork


NOUNS

■ Partitives:

Bir grubun veya bir miktarin {quantity) bir kismini itade ederler.

■> general partitives; Sayilamayan isimlerle geneliikle bit vepiece kullanilir.


single: a piece of chalk plural: pieces of chalk

■» specific partitives:.

a ball of string a lump of sugar a block of cement a flash of lightning


a bit of information bits of information

a bar of chocolate a sheet of paper a cloud of dust a roll of paper


a cube of ice a slice of bread a piece of earth a portion of food


-■> small quantities (kiiciik miktarlar):


a drop of water a pinch of salt a grain office


a blade of grass a breath of air a lock of hair


a crust of bread a clash of soda a part of butter


-> measures (61cii ifadclerinde):


a kilo of sugar a metre of cloth a pound of coffee


a gallon of paper a length of cloth an ounce of gold


a litre of oil a pint of milk a yard of cloth


■> a game of (oyun ifadelerinde):


a game of football a game of volleyball


a game of billiards a game of chess etc...


-> abstract concepts (soyut kavramlar):


a hit of advice a period of calm


a branch of knowledge a spot of trouble


■> types and species (tUr veya cesit ifadclerinde):

a make of car a brand of soap a kind of biscuit a sort of cake a species of insect, a type of drug

r> a pair of...(bir cift...):

a pair of gloves a pair of braces a pair of pliers a pair of jeans a pair of knickers a pair of socks


SOI "NS

Of ile kullamlan tupluluk isimleri:

Bunlar insan. hayvan veya bazi obje topluluklarıni ifade eder:


a band of soldiers a collection of coins a bouquet of flowers a colony of ants a bunch of grapes a crew of sailors a circle of friends


a clump of trees a deck of cards a drove of cattle a feet of ships a gang of thieves a group of people a crowd of people


a hive of bees a panel of experts a school offish a mob of hooligans a string of pearls a set of teeth


13 Ağustos 2009 Perşembe

Compound nouns - Bileşik isimler

ingilizce'de pek ç0k isim iki kelimenin {bathroom) veya Uc ve daha fazla kelimenin (father-in-low, sitkck-in-the-mud)birlesmesiyle olusur. Bilesik keiimeler genellikle ilk hecelerine vurgu yapılarak telaffuz edilir. Simdi bunlan inceleyelim:

B Single-word compound nouns:

Tek sözcük halindeki bilesik isimler, iki ismin birlesmesiyle oluşmuş olmalarına ragmen, hiç de bilesik isimmis gibi kabul edilmezler. a cupboard, a saucepan, a typewriter,

■ Nouns formed with adjective + noun:

Sifat+isimden oluşmuş olan, a greenhouse, a heavyweight, a redhead gibi bilesik isimleri vardir. Bunlan ayri yazdiğimizda anlamda olusacak degisikliğe bakiniz:

a heavyweight (boksör)

a heavy weight (agir olan bir yllk)

■ Nouns formed with gerund + noun:

Ing + isimden olusan drinking water, a frying pan, a walking stick gibi bilesik isimier vardir. Bu isimlerin arasma tire (hyphen) koymak istege baghdir: a frying pan = a frying-pan

NOUNS

Diger -ing +noun kombinasyonlanna baktigimizda bunlann bilesik isim olmadikianni gSrtiruz. Ornegin; boiling water = kaynayan su. Burada -ing almis kelime sifat-fiil oldugundan, iki keli-me arasina tire {hyphen) konmaz..

■ Nouns formed with adverb particles:

Bu tip birlesjk isimler zarf-fiil kombinasyonlanndan olusmu^tur. Ornegin:

a breakdown, an income, a knockout, a layoff, a mix-up aputdown, a rip-off, a setback, a sell-out, a walkout etc.

B Nouns formed with noun + noun:

Iki isim bir bilesik isim olusturmak icin kullanildigmda birinci isim geneliikle sifattir ve hemen

her zaman tekildir. Bu,bilesik isimlerin en genis kategorisidir ve birkac baslik altinda incelenir:

• Compound nouns in place of phrases with 'of: a car key, a chair leg, a door knob etc...

Bir nesnenin diger bir nesnenin parcasi oldugunu sSylemek istedigimizde iki ismin arasina o/kul-lanilir. Ornegin;

the knob of the door, the leg of the chair

• Compound nouns which refer to place:

Birinci isim, ikinci ismin nerede oldugunu gOsterir. isimlerin ikisi de vurgulu sfiylenir; 'London 'Airport, 'Moscow 'Stadium

• Compound nouns which refer to streets or roads:
ikinci sfizcUk street ise vurgu birinci kelimeye yapilir.
'Oxford Street 'Baker Street

Ikinci sözcük road ise Sözcüklerin ikisi de vurgulu söylenir.

King's 'Road, 'Canterbury 'Road, The 'Oxford 'Road

• Compound nouns which tell us about purpose:

ilk sözcük bize ikincisinin ne amaçla kullanildigini gdsterir. iste bunlardan bazilan:

escape hatch skating rink golf club

chess board meeting point coffee cup

notice board reading lamp football ground etc...

tin opener sheep dog

NOUNS

• Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substance:

ilk isim, bize ikincisinin 'ne'den yapilmis oldugunu gOsterir.

a steel door a petrol engine a silk shirt a stone wall,

a plastic raincoat a gold spoon a wool towel etc...

• Compound nouns which 'classify types':

Birinci sözcük ' What kind o/...?'sorusuna cevap vcrir. Boyle bir kombinasyon insanlar ve yaptiklan seyler icin kullanilir;

a bookseller, a factory worker, a taxi-driver etc...

Boyle bir kombinasyon icin de yapacagimiz vurgu ç0k onemlidir. Şimdi a 'French teacher ve a French 'teacher arasindaki anlam farkina bakiniz:

•♦ a 'French teacher (Fransizca Sgreten biri)

■> a French 'teacher (Fransiz kokenli bir Sgretmen)

• Compound nouns which refer to 'containers':

ikinci nesne birincisini icermek için yapilmistir. a biscuit tin, a coffee cup, an oil tank etc...

• Compound nouns which relate to 'time':

Bu tip bilesik ismlerde ilk isim ikincisinin vaktini gosterir.

afternoon lea morning coffee Sunday paper
night nurse summer holiday evening dress,

November rain spring flowers, etc...

• Compound nouns formed with 'self, man, woman':

self: Vurgu ikinci sOzctlgUn bazi yerlerinde;

self consciousness self-con 'trol self-den'ial self-res'pect

man/woman:Vurgu birinci sozciiktedir;

a 'fireman, an 'airman, a 'gentleman/woman a 'horseman/woman, a 'policeman/woman