ingilizce'dc sayilabilen ve sayilamayan isimlerin soyut veya somut kullanimları vardir. Simdi isimlerin cesitlerini inceleyelim:
-Proper nouns (Ozel isimler):
Ozel isim bir kisi.bir yer,bir sey.bir düsünce veya tek oldugu düşünülen seyler icin kullanılir. Ozel isimlerin onunde article kullanilmaz.
insan isimleri: Hasan, Burak
cografi isimler: Africa. Asia.
yer isimleri: Regent Street, Madison Avenue
ay, gun, festival isimleri: April. Monday, Master
- Common nouns (Cins isimler):
Ozel bir şahıs, yer, nesne ya da düşüncenin ismi olmayan her isim cins isimdir. Cins isimlerin Onünde (
a book, the guitar, court
Countable nouns (Sayilabilen isimler):
Bir isim sayilabilir ise;
-onunde a/an kullamlabilir: a book, an egg etc...
-bir cogulu vardir ve 'How many...?' sorusu ile kullamlir:
How many pens have you bought?
H Uncountable nouns (sayilamayan isimler):
Bir isim sayilamaz ise;
-onunde a/an kullanilmaz: Milk is expensive.' -^oguiuolmazve 'How much...?' sorusu ile kullamlir:
How much money do you have?
Sayilamayan ve sayilabilen isimleri soyut (concrete) ve somut (abstract) isimler basligi altin-da ayrintili olarak inceleyelim:
NOONS
H Concrete and abstract nouns(somut / soyut isimler):
Sayilabilen isimlerin cogu somut (concrete)'tur.
-Kisi, hayvan, bitki: a girl, a dog, a geranium -Nesneler: a bottle, a table -Gruplar: a herd, an army, a crowd -6lctt ifadelerinde: a kilo, a litre, a metre, -Nicelik ifadelerinde: a bit, a slice
• Somut (concrete) sayilamayan isimler:
| bread | flour | cream | oil | water |
| cotton | blood clot | glass | sand | wine |
| milk | coffee | gold | paper | wood |
| air | gin | ice | soap | meal |
| barley | dust | jam | tea | beer |
| rice | | | | |
> Soyut (abstract) sayilamayan isimler:
| advice | knowledge | scenery | news | laughter |
| beauty | suspicion | honesty | luck | employment |
| fear | equality | experience | vocabulary | courage |
| information | death | horror | education | patience |
| relief | hope | pity | violence | importance |
| anger | mercy | help | happiness | music etc... |
Bir de birbirine benzeyen nesnelerden olusan grup isimleri vardir. isim butün grubu ifade ediyorsa uncountable, grubu olusturan parcalari tek tek ifade ediyorsa countable'dir. Ornegin;
luggage, baggage, clothing, food, fruit, furniture, jewellery, junk, equipment, scenery, traffic, money, machinery, ammunition etc..
-> furniture (mobilyd) > uncountable
furniture(sandalye, masa, cekyat etc...)>countable
•♦ fruit (meyve) Uncountable
fruit ( elma, portakal, seftali etc... ) > countable
"> jewellery (miicevherat) > uncountable
jewellery (gerdanlik,yuzuk,kupe etc..) >countable
NOINS
■ Hem sayilabilen (countable) hem de sayilamayan (uncountable)isimler:
Bazi isimler kullanimlarına baglı olarak hem sayilabilen hem de sayilamayan yapida kullam-hr. Gorelim:
• Tek bir nesne (single item) veya parcaciklar (substances) oiarak dusundugumuz isimler:
Bu gruptaki isimler hem countable hem de uncountable oiarak kullamiabiiir. Ancak aniamlari farklidir.
countable : He ate a whole chicken, (tavuk) uncountable: Would you like some chicken? (tavuk eti)
• Obje veya materyalleri ifade eden isimler:
countable (thing) : 1 broke a glass this morning (bardak) uncountable(material) : Glass is made from sand, (cam)
countable (specific) : He has a painting by Hockney. (tablo) uncountable (general): Painting is my hobby, (ressamlik)
• Bazi uncountable isimler ve countable karsiliklan:
| bread clothing laughter luggage poetry money work |
a loaf
a garment
a laugh
a case, a bag
a poem
a coin, a note
ajob
• Hayvan isimleri sayilabilir fakat onlann etleri sayilamaz:
a cow/beef a deer/venison
a sheep / mutton a pig /pork
NOUNS
■ Partitives:
Bir grubun veya bir miktarin {quantity) bir kismini itade ederler.
■> general partitives; Sayilamayan isimlerle geneliikle bit vepiece kullanilir.
single: a piece of chalk plural: pieces of chalk
■» specific partitives:.
a ball of string a lump of sugar a block of cement a flash of lightning
a bit of information bits of information
a bar of chocolate a sheet of paper a cloud of dust a roll of paper
a cube of ice a slice of bread a piece of earth a portion of food
-■> small quantities (kiiciik miktarlar):
a drop of water a pinch of salt a grain office
a blade of grass a breath of air a lock of hair
a crust of bread a clash of soda a part of butter
-> measures (61cii ifadclerinde):
a kilo of sugar a metre of cloth a pound of coffee
a gallon of paper a length of cloth an ounce of gold
a litre of oil a pint of milk a yard of cloth
■> a game of (oyun ifadelerinde):
a game of football a game of volleyball
a game of billiards a game of chess etc...
-> abstract concepts (soyut kavramlar):
a hit of advice a period of calm
a branch of knowledge a spot of trouble
■> types and species (tUr veya cesit ifadclerinde):
a make of car a brand of soap a kind of biscuit a sort of cake a species of insect, a type of drug
r> a pair of...(bir cift...):
a pair of gloves a pair of braces a pair of pliers a pair of jeans a pair of knickers a pair of socks
SOI "NS
■ Of ile kullamlan tupluluk isimleri:
Bunlar insan. hayvan veya bazi obje topluluklarıni ifade eder:
a band of soldiers a collection of coins a bouquet of flowers a colony of ants a bunch of grapes a crew of sailors a circle of friends
a clump of trees a deck of cards a drove of cattle a feet of ships a gang of thieves a group of people a crowd of people
a hive of bees a panel of experts a school offish a mob of hooligans a string of pearls a set of teeth
